APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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If the title itself has quotation marks in it you should include them in the reference entry exactly as they appear on the source. Use sentence case for the words in the title as you would for any other title.
If the title ends with a closing quotation mark, put the period (full stop) which separates it from the next reference element inside the quotation marks as shown on the second example below.
Bushey, C., & Pfeifer, S. (2022, November 2). ‘A ride on the struggle bus’: Engine shortage thwarts aviation’s recovery. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/7deea32f-6f02-482f-8055-b04d94ed4a29
Davison, I., & Trevett, C. (2012, August 29). PM says support for gay marriage 'overwhelming.' The New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/pm-says-support-for-gay-marriage-overwhelming/MJRRCK25B2HAB5YBBHLWTLTLJU/