APA 7
APA 7th Edition is the most commonly used referencing style here at the University of Portsmouth. Below you will find general guidance on how to reference and cite using APA 7th Edition, as well as examples for the specific sources you are likely to use in your assignments.
Your department or lecturer may prefer you to reference sources differently from the guidance given here. Always follow the requirements of your department or lecturer.
External visitors are welcome to use this guide, but note that your institution's requirements may differ from those suggested here.
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For online sources which are regularly updated or designed to change over time, you should include a retrieval date in your reference to show which version of it you used.
Examples of webpages which would need this are dictionary entries, social media pages, statistical pages or Google maps.
If a retrieval date is required, it should be placed before the URL in your reference. You would replace the Year of publication in your reference with (n.d.) to indicate that there is no fixed publication date.
Reference
Author. (n.d.). Title of webpage. Name of Website (if different from author). Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
London Stock Exchange. (n.d.). FTSE 100: Overview. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.londonstockexchange.com/indices/ftse-100